CWD Is A Real Issue For Hunters with Kip Adams

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CWD Is A Real Issue For Hunters with Kip Adams

I’ve got Kip Adams with me. The reason I’m having this special is that I had Josh Honeycutt on from Realtree talking about CWD, what it is and what it isn’t, so we’re going to do the same thing with Kip. The biggest thing is everybody is reading about zombie deer all of a sudden and what are we going to do about CWD. People are spouting off or giving their two cents and their opinion that CWD can be harmful to humans. Kip Adams is a wildlife biologist. He’s also the Director of Conservation for QDMA, Quality Deer Management. Kip, welcome to show. I look forward to your comments.

Thank you, Bruce. It’s always good to see you and talk with you. Thanks for having me.

Let’s start right off. What is or is not a zombie deer?

Zombie deer is a good headline to attract people to read a newspaper article or a magazine article. What the writers are writing about is chronic wasting disease or CWD in all the headlines. Part of what this disease does to deer is when it gets to the late stages, it will eat holes in their brain, which then makes deer lose their fear of humans. They drool, they can walk in circles, they do all kinds of crazy things that they normally wouldn’t do hence the name zombie deer. Wildlife professionals don’t refer to them as zombie deer or in that reference. That grabs people’s attention to read articles about it, so a lot of writers use that attack. Over the last few months, there has been a lot of zombie deer headlines online and in print.

We talked about EHD and CWD. Please share with people the difference between those two diseases for whitetail deer.

EHD is Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease. It’s one of the most common diseases of deer. We’ve known it for about a century. It hits deer somewhere in the whitetail’s range every year. It’s carried by a midge or a “no-see-um, a little biting midge. We know it’s a viral disease that deer can get by these midges. As the midge lands and bites a deer that has it, it gets a blood meal. It can then take that. If it bites another deer that doesn’t have it, it transfers that disease to another deer. Some people will call it bluetongue. The reason is there is a series of bluetongue viruses that are very similar to the epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses and they all cause the same thing. A lot of people just refer to that disease as a hemorrhagic disease. Whether you’re talking about the hemorrhagic disease or EHD or bluetongue, that’s all the same thing. It’s a viral disease carried by that little bite midge.

The good thing for deer is that not all deer that get that will die. Many of them can recover from it. If they do so, they develop antibodies that it keeps them from getting that again in the future. It’s a very common disease to deer. We’ve known about it for a long time. Yet somewhere each year, you don’t have these massive die-offs of deer from it. If a deer is impacted or the deer population is impacted, they can recover very quickly because the disease is there and then gone. That’s very different from CWD or Chronic Wasting Disease in that chronic wasting disease is 100% fatal. Every deer that gets it is going to die. There’s no cure. There’s no vaccine. One of the dangerous things about it is unlike hemorrhagic disease where a deer can’t give it to another deer, if a deer has CWD, it can transfer that to another animal. A lot of additional deer will test positive for CWD because they have just been in close quarters with other deer that have it and through social grooming or sharing of saliva or of urine and feces, those deer can give it to other deer. The two diseases are very different.

We know that CWD has no cure. The bad thing about it is it slowly infiltrates a deer herd. What that means is when a few percentages of a deer herd have it, we do not see these big die-offs of deer. The reason is when a deer has CWD, that deer can have it for months or even up to a couple of years before it shows any of the symptoms. Once it does show symptoms, they die very quickly. Most of those deer, while they are not showing symptoms, appear to be healthy so they are mixing with other deer. They can transfer this to other deer. Hunters seeing this are like, “I do not see sick deer. It must not be a problem.” The reality of CWD is it slowly infiltrates a deer herd where suddenly there’s 1% of the deer have it, 2% and 3%. As that builds, experts think that when it gets somewhere between 25% or 30% of a deer herd, then the deer herd can’t sustain itself anymore.

With the same level of harvest that you and I like to do in the fall hunting, a deer herd will start to decline. They can’t sustain the same harvest pressure. The big problem is since there’s no cure, we have no way of slowing it or stopping it once it gets to that level. That is a big danger of CWD. For anybody that hunts deer, it’s something that they should be concerned about because as deer herds get to that level of prevalence rate, suddenly we don’t get to harvest the same number during the fall to put in our fridge.

I think about the changes. I hunt in June at Sauk County of Wisconsin, which if you look at your map of CWD, it’s the epicenter in Wisconsin. We’ve been hunting the same farm forever. We have plenty of deer. We just haven’t seen sick deer. People live on the farm, Eddie’s farm, so he sees deer all the time and we keep talking to him. We do not see sick deer yet we’re in a CWD area. We have three doe tags. We can kill as many does as we want and we do. We killed six or eight does off the farm. Our little crew does it and the neighbors do it. We’re counting a lot of does, but the recruitment is still there. I would have thought over the years that we’ve been hunting, we’d start to see infected deer or deer on the last legs in their last days, but we just don’t see that. That makes me a question, “Is this information that the Wisconsin DNR has correct or is it just we’re in an isolated area where we haven’t had the dispersal of CWD?”

There’s a lot of hunters that asked that same thing and think, “If this is such a bad deal, why don’t I find them?” The reality of it is they’re answering this question in Wisconsin right now with radio-collared deer and research looking at survival rates. What they find is that if a deer has CWD, we know it’s going to die at some point from the disease if it doesn’t die from something first. What they’re finding is in most cases, they’re dying of something else first because a deer with the disease are two to three times more likely to die this year than a deer that don’t have it. It’s predisposing them to die to probation, hunting harvest, vehicle kills, and other things more often than if they didn’t have it. Some hunters will say, “That’s okay. We’ll just kill them somewhere else. Why isn’t this all right?” The reality of it is if those deer die at two to three times the rate of deer that don’t have it, that is not good for any type of animal that we want to sustain for a long time in the future and be able to hunt.

They can’t tease out exactly how much more they are likely to be eaten by a coyote or a bobcat or a bear or something else, but the overall survival is way less for those deer. That has managers nervous, myself included. You can look at why only now and whether they are documenting population declines of elk and deer as a direct result of CWD or now they have to remove some of the tags that they would have issued to hunters in the past. Wisconsin is going to see that same type of thing. We’re very fortunate that it is such a good state for deer and deer habitat wise. There are so many deer. That’s going to take long until you start seeing and start feeling that pinch on hunters. Unfortunately, it’s going to happen. Given that it’s been in Wisconsin or at least they confirmed in 2002, it’s going to happen sooner rather than later.

To me, it’s all about age-class recruitment. From my understanding and reading, the fawn will be gone in a couple of months. Can that fawn get CWD and how long would it be expected to live? Because then it would throw out the age-class recruitment if we do that long enough then we reach a tipping point all of a sudden and people are going, even us, we’re going, “Where are the deer?”

Fawns can get it. They’re less likely to get it than other animals. Older age classes have diseases that are a lot higher rate than fawns do. Most deer, once they do get it, they live for about eighteen to 24 months before they die. Whatever year they get it, that’s about their expected maximum life span after that point. That’s why they can be within that span be not as good at avoiding predators or avoiding hunters and ended up getting killed some way else. That’s one of the reasons we don’t see a lot of sick deer on the landscape because they end up dying somewhere else. They’re a lot easier for us to hunt or predators to catch or cars to hit, unfortunately.

Is there any difference between bucks and does?

There is. Bucks are more likely to have it than does. Older bucks are more likely to have it than younger bucks. They don’t know exactly why that is. Most likely, it’s is a behavioral thing with all of the fighting, the grooming, and just the way that the bucks behave around each other throughout the year, particularly when they’re in bachelor groups. Their behavior likely predisposes them to higher infection rates and you see that just about everywhere, not every state. In our 2019 Whitetail Report, we are asked each day, “Of all the deer that you have found that had CWD, what percentage of them are bucks, what percentage are does?” We tried to tease out some of those age classes. In places like Wisconsin, adult bucks are far more likely to have it. There are a few states like Pennsylvania, Illinois and even in Texas where about half of the deer that they’ve identified as CWD positive did. There’s no question that bucks are more likely to have it. In some places, they seem to be a lot more likely to have it and others may be just a little more likely.

Let’s go to the human side of the equation because I remember hearing some knowledgeable person. He was on the Jim Rome show and he said, “Most definitely within five years, a person is going to die from CWD.” I’m going, “I don’t think so.” I can say I don’t think so because I don’t have a degree in biology. I’m like the masses out there. I’ve been around the same deer herd for over 50 years and I’m still sucking air. I haven’t got it. We have venison every night in deer camp and throughout the winter. It’s processed. It’s frozen. It’s cooked. Let’s talk about the human element. Share with me the steps people should take from field to plate.

Fortunately, no human has ever been diagnosed with CWD. It seems to be the species barrier between deer and us is robust enough that we’re not getting it. It doesn’t mean that we won’t ever get it. I hope that it never crosses the species barrier because if it does, hunting as we know it would cease to exist. The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization both recommended if you harvest a deer in an area that is known to have it, that you have that deer tested. If it tests positive, you don’t eat it. You should not eat a deer that does test positive for it. It’s a good thing to have that deer tested just to be sure. There’s no sense in eating a deer that may have something that you can get when testing is available. We strongly encourage people if you’re at CWD zone, have your deer or elk tested before you eat it. Wait for that test to come back. If it comes back negative, then consume that animal and share it with family and friends. If a deer does have CWD, there’s no way to do anything to that deer to try to get rid of the prions. It’s just not wise to eat a deer or elk that do test positive. The easiest this thing to do is if you’re in a zone that has it, have the deer tested and just wait for that test result before you go ahead and eat that deer.

It takes more than a few days to get that test back. Is that correct?

That is correct. That’s one of the things that many agencies are working on right now to try to make that time even a smaller. I was in Michigan at a DNR meeting when they said, “We are going to be the quickest state in the country. We’re going to return all of our results to hunters within two weeks.” They should have been very proud of that and that was a great thing, a great service they’re providing hunters. If you did work, in the know on this, you’d sit there and think, “We have to wait two weeks for the test?” In some states, you’re looking at four to six weeks before you get the test back. That’s a big deal for hunters. That’s a hard thing to have to deal with.

Luckily, there are many statewide agencies and businesses out there trying to develop a faster test such that a hunter could tell much more quickly whether his or her animal does have CWD. That is a difficult thing for us hunters right now to have to wait that long. At the end of the day, is it worth it? It’s a big convenience, but if your health is on the line, I strongly encourage people to do that. I’m in that same boat as well. It definitely is a bit of a delay. Fortunately, people are working trying to make that much shorter and to make it a lot more convenient for hunters to get their animal tested much more quickly.

If you process the game yourself, process it, put it in the freezer, leave it there and date it. Every single bag, every single package, date it, the date of kill and then leave it there until you get the results back. There’s a lot of processors out there. I shoot a deer. I take it to a processor and then I don’t know if I’m going to get my own deer back. It’s one thing with processors. That concerns me a lot because of the opportunity for them to take a grind, take my deer, your deer, somebody else’s deer, throw it all in the same grinder and out comes the grind. We’ve got everything going. We get patches of hamburger. My deer comes back fine, but your deer comes back not fine. We don’t know whose meat we’re eating. How do we handle that?

That is tough. There’s a lot of processors dealing with that exact thing right now. A lot of processors have gone out of business because of that. Even if you are sure that you get your own meat and I know a lot of processors that completely confident that the right meat goes to the right person, the sticking point is all that processed meat. Each time your meat goes into the hamburger grinder or the sausage grinder and they’re grinding that up, if somebody else’s meat is in there before yours that didn’t have CWD, it’s difficult to be able to clean all that equipment. There are recommendations to clean knives, utensils and all that with a bleach solution, but we’re still not even guaranteed then that it can get rid of all of those prions.

I am less concerned about them giving you somebody else’s meat back, but I am very concerned about your meat being in the meat grinder with another CWD positive deer and to not be an effective clean between the two animals. That’s a real deal that has hunters were forced to deal with now. I process all of my own meat that we shoot here in Pennsylvania, but there are times that I’m hunting in other states that I simply don’t have the luxury to do that. There’s a lot of hunters like that. There are more hunters now processing their own than ever before partly to get around some of this, but we need to give hunters some help and processors some help or the situation that you described because there are situations that you just cannot get around that.

That’s down the road of legislation. It’s almost as if each deer goes in and it goes through clean material with not any other thing. That’s going to have to add to the costs because it takes the time away. From my point of view, if you don’t process it yourself, then be very careful and very knowledgeable, which brings me up to another point. You went out to North Dakota and killed a beautiful buck. You weren’t in a CWD area. Is that correct?

That is correct.

If you were in Minnesota, had shot that deer and brought it across the state line into Wisconsin, into Michigan and Ohio then back to Pennsylvania, I don’t know how many state laws you would’ve broken. We’re both smiling. It’s a serious thing because now you’re transporting a possibly infected dear across state lines, which there are state laws prohibiting that.

There are a lot of state laws. I am very cautious regarding if I travel to what I can move or not move. That particular deer from North Dakota, we processed that ourselves so all the meat was deboned that I flew home, clean skull plate in case that I brought it back so that was all legal, but that’s something a hunter have to watch for. I was in Northwest Colorado, in a CWD zone. There were other guys in camp that shout out that we’re going to leave with them. I said, “You can’t leave with that skull. You cannot leave the state and travel back to your state with the eyes, the brain and all of that and the skull. Luckily where we were, we got it all cattle troughed and then got a fire going. I cleaned that skull off and literally removed all the brain, the eyes, and everything out of that so that I could legally leave with it. I have a zero tolerance policy for being around anybody that hunt that doesn’t follow the rules so I made sure that I did.

There are some people that don’t know what the rules are. We’ve called for all states to try to standardize the rules more. There’s a lot of places that have CWD that we haven’t identified yet. You don’t travel with the backbone of deer or elk anymore or with the brains. You have to clean that stuff before you leave the state and go somewhere else. I know it’s an inconvenience to hunters and it’s an inconvenience for me when I travel and you when you travel. At the end of the day, it’s an inconvenience worthy of doing to make sure that I’m not helping the spread of CWD to your state or somebody else’s state either. There’s much more or many more restrictions. Some states are a lot more restrictive than others. As hunters, we should take a close look if we’re traveling to see, “Let’s make sure that I’m not taking something back if I’m not supposed to.”

Know the regulations. I’m coming out with a Deer Hunting Institute course and one of them is those rules about hunting whether you’re hunting in different counties, different states, and different countries. It’s up to you as a hunter to know the rules. We both know stories about, “I didn’t know that.” Maybe you didn’t, you bought the tag and you should’ve known the rules.

Starting in 2019, the Georgia DNR, every single person who buys a nonresident licensed in the state of Georgia, they’re providing information you share with them what their transport regulations are. When I get their Georgia nonresident license, I also get it like, “Here’s what I can or cannot leave the state of Georgia legally with.” It’s to help cut down some of the, “I didn’t know,” or some of this movement of parts. I’m hopeful that more states will also do that because, at the end of the day, there are a lot of hunters that don’t know or aren’t sure and sometimes the information is not all that easy to figure out. I’m glad that at least one state now has taken the impetus to try to make it easier for hunters. I hope other states will follow suit with that.

Let’s get to the scientific difference between the prion and spiroplasma. My lack of wildlife biology and tongue twisters gets me. There’s an article that was written that a person has found or thought they found a solution, a cure for CWD. I want Kip to address what the QDMA people believe to be the factual information behind the prions.

The prions are what most hunters have never heard of and that’s why it’s hard to figure out. Prion is not bacteria. It’s not a virus. Because of that, we don’t have the ability to use an antibiotic or to kill it. You can’t kill it, but something is very different, 99% of the wildlife experts and diseases experts recognize CWD as a prion disease. Everybody working on this with the exception of a very small number of people says that it’s not a prion disease. One of those was Dr. Bastian, who formerly worked for Louisiana State University. He’s the one who said that it’s a protein. It’s a spiroplasma. Hunters jumped all over that because if it is a protein, then we could develop an antibiotic and save a deer.

The reality of it is it’s not a protein. The research that he has done to show that he thinks it was a protein has been tried to be replicated numerous times. No other researchers could ever get the same results that he did. They are extremely confident that it is not bacteria, but it is a prion. That is believed easily by 99% of the people working on this issue. We firmly believe that it is a prion just given all of the other research that’s been looked at and has been done with it. We’re very confident that’s what it is. That’s not us. We’re just looking at what all of the other experts out there say. I wish it was bacteria. I so wish he was right. No other real smart people working on this believe that he is right, so we don’t think so either.

What is a prion?

It’s a misfolded protein that’s in your body. We all have those in our bodies. CWD disease causes some of those prions to misfold and misshape. This can get complex. We don’t need to do that because I’m not smart enough to explain the whole part of that, first of all. Secondly, as a hunter, what we need to know is once it causes these proteins to misfold, that is what then starts eating the holes in the brain. It’s known as a spongiform encephalopathy. The spongiform means it turns the brain to a sponge. There’s a bunch of holes in the brain. When you add prions, this disease makes them go bad or misfold and then they eat holes in the brain. That’s the short of what happens with this disease. That’s also why it takes that eighteen to 24 months that I said if the deer has it before they start showing the symptoms. Once they start showing the symptoms, they die very quickly. The body does wastes away, which you would or I would as well if we had holes in our brain. That’s the long and the short of it, Bruce.

That’s the chronic wasting disease. I remember a friend of mine on his farm. He gets a trail camera picture in the middle of summer of this deer just wasted away. He sent it to the local DNR and the guy said, “If you see the deer, shoot it. Don’t touch it. Just call us. We’ll come and get it.” He never did see it to shoot it. That deer was in the last throes of CWD by all indications. I’m not advocating anybody to start shooting deer in June, July, August or whatever, but if you do see a deer that appears malnourished and not a glossy coat, it’s sick. Call the DNR right away. Get a picture of it so they can come in, do their business and do their testing. Get involved with trail cameras and everything, we got going millions and millions of pictures taking a deer throughout the year. We can help be part of the solution or at least the research. That’s what I think.

You should because there is a chance that it is not CWD and it’s something else. If that’s the case, the sooner the wildlife agency is aware of it or has a sample from that deer, the quicker they can do something to help. Even if it’s a CWD and if it’s a new area, the faster that they know of that, the better job they can do minimizing the spread of that disease. Some people say, “I don’t want people to know if I have a deer.” That’s not the right attitude to take. The faster you do know, the better chance you have of limiting how far that disease spreads and ensuring that you’re going to have good hunting way into the future. If you see a deer that has it and don’t say anything and you let that spread to two, five, ten, 50 deer, what you’re doing is negatively impacting your future hunting. It’s much better to let the agencies know as quickly as possible because that helps hunters now and in the future.

It helps the deer herd. A lot of people out there don’t think that we’re conservationists. They think that all we do is go out, kill deer and eat deer. The conservationists are the driving force because we’re billion-dollar stakeholders in this game. The hunting tradition is rich throughout the country. Because of that, we want to be at the forefront of being part of the solution, not part of the problem. There are people who raise deer. There are deer farmers. I don’t raise deer. I’m saying you have a farm in Pennsylvania. I have a farm in Colorado. You want to buy this buck for breeding. We’re going to swap bucks so we’re shipping a deer from Pennsylvania to Colorado and vice versa. That happens all the time. What impact does that have on CWD?

That does happen all the time. In many cases, that happens legally. It has a huge impact on the potential spread of the disease. The reason for that is deer have this disease for several months to a couple of years before they show any signs. Deer are shipped from the farm to farm without knowing that the deer had CWD because there is no good practical live animal test that we can test the deer. The only way to know for sure is a test that involves the deer having to be dead. I can test the deer off if the deer looks great, I ship it to you and find out a year later once it’s shipped, “This had CWD.” Now all of the other deer on your facility have been potentially impacted. If you have then shipped them to another farm, this stuff happens all the time. This is why moving deer between facilities is such a dangerous game for free-ranging deer. That’s a dangerous game for the captive deer herd as well. I would love to see a good live deer tests we can do. The captive people would like the same thing because they don’t want to be shipping deer that had the disease without knowing it. From a free-ranging deer standpoint, from a hunter standpoint, that’s the real danger.

That’s why at QDMA, we said that the two best things that we can do to help minimize the spread of CWD are one, stop all live movement of deer. We should not be moving live deer anywhere. That’s captive people as well as state wildlife agencies. There are a few states that are moving deer now. We don’t think that should happen. If we say the captive folks shouldn’t do it, then the state shouldn’t be doing it either. Secondly, we should stop moving the high-risk parts of harvested deer, the eyes, the brain, the spleen, the backbone, and that kind of stuff. If we didn’t move those, those two things would do us as hunters and wildlife agencies better than anything else at slowing the spread of this disease and allowing the science to catch up and give us some way to combat it. That’s more than anything else, Bruce, that you, me, and every other hunter and wildlife professional could do to slow the spread of the disease.

Your elk, you boiled it out so the eyes are gone and the brain is gone. Let’s say I’m in Colorado and I brought an elk to my buddy’s house because he’s going to mount it for his taxidermist and he happens to live in Iowa. I’ve got the brain still in, the eyes still in, the height is still on it, and it’s just the head. How does that in itself spread CWD?

As you drive it there, in itself it wouldn’t or isn’t spreading it. What happens is once you get it there, if it’s from a CWD zone, they would depend on what that taxidermist did with it. If he or she put it in a dumpster and it went right to a landfill, nothing or very little anyway. However, there’s a lot of taxidermists that throw that head out back or not dumping stuff properly then that moves that CWD and those prions to Iowa or whenever you went to a new place. Once they’re in the soil, now there’s no way to decontaminate the new site. Other animals that come in contact either with those remains had the chance of contracting the disease. That’s why states don’t want you to bring any of that stuff in. That’s why they require you to have a caped animal, the whole plate cutout. If it’s clean, then you can take those to the taxidermist in another state. You just can’t travel with that in.

I hope you understand that portion. You yourself with the head aren’t going to transmit the disease to another animal because when they’re in your car, they’re in a plastic bag or some container. Once it gets to your destination, we can’t control what happens to those parts. Is that what you’re saying?

That’s right. I know that the State of Missouri allows you to bring those parts in if you are going to immediately to a taxidermist. There may be a handful of other states that allow that. I’m not aware of others, but I do know that Missouri does allow that. I know most states do not. My home state of Pennsylvania closed all of its borders. I was surprised that it took that long to close it. They finally did where there was no movement of any of that stuff in Pennsylvania from anywhere. I live right on the Pennsylvania-New York line. I live two miles from New York. I have friends that hunt in New York that live in Pennsylvania that no longer can bring deer that they shoot across the line home until they deboned and all of that first. It is an inconvenience for sure. It’s an inconvenience that we need to take as hunters to make sure that we get to hunt a long time in the future.

Kip, how does somebody get ahold of that article at QDMA?

They can go right to it to our website at QDMA.com. We have a whole host of information about CWD as well as deer management, habitat management and everything else. We look at CWD as one of the biggest issues impacting your herds and hunting. We have a tremendous amount of information about CWD on our website. We have our recommendations for hunting at CWD zones, the difference between CWD and hemorrhagic disease, and all kinds of hunter-related stuff. They can go to QDMA.com and get everything that they’d like for free.

If people have any questions, can they reach out to you or who at QDMA should they talk to?

My email address is [email protected] . My phone number is (570) 439-5696. That’s my mobile. They can call me, text me, email me or anything they want and I’m glad to help.

I remember at ATA, yourself and another noted people had a great panel at the ATA Convention and that’s up on Whitetail Rendezvous. You can go to that ATA CWD. Put that in Google with Whitetail Rendezvous. You went for over an hour of that evening on that panel of discussion. That’s important. The reason for inviting Kip on is to get you some specific information so you have talking points if somebody says this or that on social media and they say, “No, you can’t do this. You can’t do that. This is what it is.” By reading this and the segment by Josh Honeycutt from Realtree, you’ve got two knowledgeable people that you can say, “That isn’t the way it is. The zombie deer is something that’s great for media hype, but let’s get to the backstory. Let’s get to the facts and let’s deal with facts rather than fiction.” Let’s stick with the facts. It makes it a lot more helpful for everybody in the hunting community if we do that. Do you have any final thoughts, Kip?

What we want to do is to just give people good information. QDMA is where deer hunters belong because we’re deer hunters. We want to make sure that everybody has a good opportunity to hunt deer in the future. That’s the information we want to provide so that they can see what’s going on, make decisions for themselves, they can hear what our opinions are. We want to ensure good hunting long into the future. That’s the bottom line of QDMA.

If you’re not a member of QDMA, then go to QDMA and become a member because they are the forefront of deer research, scientific-back information about deer. There’s nobody better in the world. Thanks so much, Kip.

Thank you, Bruce.

Important Links:

• Kip Adams
• Josh Honeycutt
• Realtree
• CWD
• Quality Deer Management
• 2019 Whitetail Report
• Deer Hunting Institute
• QDMA.com
• [email protected]
• https://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Chronic_Wasting_Disease
• https://www.Cdc.gov/Prions/Cwd/Index.html
• http://Cwd-Info.org/Faq/

About Kip Adams